Terjemahan dari engishiki dalam Encyclopedia of Shinto
(by. Passionfashion023)
ENGISHIKI
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| engishiki jilid 8 yang berisi tentang Engishiki |
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| engishiki jilid 8 hal 3 |
Engishiki adalah sebuah ikhtisar dari aturan-aturan dan prosedur untuk melaksanakan ritsu (hukum pidana), ryou (hukum administrsi/tata usaha), dan kyaku (hukum-hukum pelengkap). Buku ini terdiri dari 50 jilid dan didalamnya kira-kira terdapat tiga ribu dan beberapa ratus artikel. Engishiki secara simultan ditulis dengan mengutip dari buku Engikyaku, dan belum lama ini juga dikabarkan mengutip dari buku Koonin Kyakushiki (820 M, yang juga disebut Koninshiki) dan juga dari buku Joogan Kyakushiki (869-871 M, disebut juga Jooganshiki) yang dimana secara kolektif disebut dengan Kyakushiki dari tiga peritah. (sadai kyakushiki). Disamping itu, hanya Engishiki yang masih ada dalam bentuk hampir sempurna. Karena hal ini sangat detail sekali kelengkapannya, Engishiki merupakan sumber informasi utama mengenai semua hal yang berhubungan dengan pemerintaha yang berasal dari kaum bangsawan pada zaman Heian. Mengikuti perintah dari Kaisar Daigo (masa hidup dari tahun 897 s/d 930 M), kompilasi dari Engishiki mulai dikerjakan pada bulan kedelapan tahun 905 M. Buku ini selesai ditulis dan diserahkan pada pemerintahan yang berkuasa duapuluh dua tahun setelahnya, pada bulan bulan kedua belas tahun 927 M. Walaupun buku ini telah diserahkan tapi revisi-revisi atau perbaikan tetap berlangsung hingga benar-benar dapat digunakan pada empat puluh tahun kemudian, tepatnya bulan kesepuluh tahun 967 M. Penundaan yang berlangsung selama pembuatan buku ini juga menyebabkan fakta-fakta bahwa sejak disusunnya buku ini banyak isi dari Engishiki yang sudah tercantum dalam Koninshiki dan Jooganshiki, hal ini tidaklah perlu tergesa-gesa diumumkan.
Bagian-bagian dalam Engishiki disusun dan didistribusikan untuk menjalin hubungan dengan agensi atau perantara dari birokrasi ritsuryou (yang terdiri dari dua dewan dan delapan menteri); bab pertama sampai sepuluh berisikan segala hal tentang Jingikan (dewan yang mengurus perihal 'Kami'). bab sebelas sampai empat puluh berisi tentang Dojookan (dewan kenegaraan), dan delapan kementrian. Bab empat puluh satu, berisi prosedur berbagai hal-hal lainnya. Aturan-atuan mengenai Jingikan terdiri dari berjilid-jilid buku dan memenuhi hampir sepertiga isi dari Engishiki. Sedangkan perihal kementerian lain yang juga termasuk kedalam aturan-aturan ini meliputi kementerian yang mengatur perkara dalam istana (Nakatsukasashoo), kementerian perkara hal umum (Mimbushoo) dan kementerian pengatur rumah tangga istana (Kunaishoo).
Isi awal bab kesepuluh dalam pemujaan 'Kami' adalah: bagian pertama dan kedua, berisi tentang upacara-upacara dalam empat musim; bagian ketiga, berisi tentang upacara-upacara luar biasa (yang dilaksanakan diluar kebiasaan); bagian keempat, berisi tentang Kuil Utama Ise (ise Jinguu); bagian kelima, berisi tentang kedudukan dari putri raja di Kuil Ise Jinguu (saiguu); bagian kelima, berisi tentang wilayah kekuasaan putri dalam Kuil Kamo; bagian kesembilan dan kesepuluh, berisi tentang pendataan dewa-dewa (Jinmyouchou). Baigan-bagian yang berisi tentang upacara dalam empat musim membagi pelaksanaan dalam berbagai festival-festival umum, terutama aturan-aturan dalam berbagai variasi dan kuantiatas pelaksanaan. Bagian dalam aturan daftar-daftar upacara luar biasa yang dalam pelaksanaannya tidak terjadwalkan
**Definisi Engishiki dalam 'encyclopedia of shinto' yang dikelola oleh 'Kokugakuin University, Tokyo, Japan'
ENGISHIKI
The Engishiki is a compendium of rules and procedures for implementing ritsu (penal codes), ryō (administrative codes), and kyaku (supplementary laws). It comprised fifty scrolls, and approximately three thousand and some hundreds of articles. The Engishiki, the simultaneously compiled Engikyaku, and the previously issued Kōnin kyakushiki (820, hereafter Kōninshiki) and Jōgan kyakushiki (869-871, hereafter Jōganshiki) are collectively called the "kyakushiki of the three reigns" (sandai kyakushiki). Among these, only the Engishiki is extant in nearly complete form. Because of its extremely detailed provisions, the Engishiki is an excellent source concerning all matters related to aristocratic government in the Heian period. Following the order of Emperor Daigo (r. 897-930), compilation of the Engishiki began in the eighth month of 905. It was completed and submitted to the sovereign twenty-two years later, in the twelfth month of 927. However, revisions were still being made, and the Engishiki only went into effect forty years later, in the tenth month of 967. This delay was probably also due to the fact that since so much of the content of the Engishiki was already mentioned in the Kōninshiki and the Jōganshiki, there was no need to hurry promulgation.
The chapters of Engishiki are arranged and distributed to correlate with the agencies of the ritsuryō bureaucracy (two councils and eight ministries): Chapters One through Ten deal with the Jingikan (Council of Kami Affairs); Chapters Eleven through Forty, the Dajōkan (Council of State) and its eight ministries; Chapters Forty-one through Forty-nine, other offices, such as the Bureau of Royal Police and the Bureau of Military Storehouses; and Chapter Fifty, miscellaneous procedures. Rules concerning the Jingikan are voluminous and make up nearly one-third of the Engishiki. Other ministries to which many rules and regulations pertain are the Ministry of Inner Palace Affairs (Nakatsukasashō), the Ministry of Popular Affairs (Mimbushō), and the Ministry of the Royal Household (Kunaishō).
The contents of the first ten chapters on kami worship are as follows: Chapters One and Two, Rites of the Four Seasons; Chapter Three, Extraordinary Rites; Chapter Four, The Grand Shrines of Ise (Ise Jingū); Chapter Five, The Bureau of the Consecrated Princess (saigū); Chapter Six, The Office of the Consecrated Princess of the Kamo Shrines (saiin); Chapter Seven, The Succession and Great Rite of Tasting New Fruits (daijōsai); Chapter Eight, Prayers to the kami (norito); and Chapters Nine and Ten, The Register of Deities (Jinmyōchō). The chapters on the Rites of the Four Seasons provide protocols for various annual festivals, especially rules on the variety and quantity of offerings. The chapter on Extraordinary Rites lists rules on offerings for unscheduled and occasionally performed rites such as that for the Thunder Deity Festival (kantoki no kami matsuri), focusing particularly on regulations pertaining to ritual materials. The chapter on the Grand Shrines of Ise lists regulations related to the Inner and Outer Shrines of Ise. The chapter on the saigū compiles procedures to be followed by the princess who served the deity of Ise, her consecrated palace, and the bureau that administered her office. The saiin chapter likewise deals with the princess who served the deities of the Kamo Shrines. The chapter on the Daijōsai provides a detailed set of protocols for this important rite, which was performed only once in an emperor's reign following his accession. The norito chapter lists twenty-seven prayers used for liturgical purposes. Finally, chapters nine and ten (the Jinmyōchō) list the names of "official shrines" (kansha) across the realm which received offerings from the court at the annual spring festival, the Kinensai. There were two thousand eight hundred sixty-one such shrines, while the "heavenly and earthly deities" (tenjin chigi) enshrined in them numbered three thousand one hundred thirty-two. These shrines were enumerated by province and district. Shrines included in the Engishiki prided themselves on their status as "shrines listed in the shiki" (shikinaisha). The kokugaku (National Learning) scholars of the early modern period (Tokugawa/Edo, 1600-1868) focused their studies on the Engishiki chapters concerning the norito, the Register of Deities, and royal mausoleums (in Chapter Twenty-one). Their commentaries on these chapters include Kamo no Mabuchi's Norito kō (On Norito), Suzuki Shigetane's Engishiki norito kōgi (Lectures on Engishiki Norito), and Ban Nobutomo's Jinmyōchō kōshō, (Studies on Jinmyōchō). Prior to these, aristocrats in the classical and the medieval periods honored and transmitted the Engishiki because they saw it as their primary source for court protocols and annual rites.
— Takashio Hiroshi
Date : 2007/ 3/ 28(Wed) Times Viewed : 3809
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